IRM du SEIN
cours Vautrin NANCY
45 000 cas / an mortalité 30 %
Sensibilité IRM proche de 100 %
CLASSIFICATION ACR RAPPEL
Aly ABBARA SITE
http://www.aly-abbara.com/echographie/biometrie/scores/acr.html
Spécificité à améliorer :
Faux Positifs - Pc Prise de contraste LABILES
- cycle
- mastopathie
- FA Fibroadénome
- GG Ganglions normaux ,
axillaire
intramammaire
- PC Multiples
- Adénose sclérosante .
Indications actuelles :
1 Risque génétique
2 Multifocalité
centricité
3 doute récidive
4 image mammo indéterminée
5 discordance
à évaluer
BRCA 1 BRCA 2 5 % des cancers
TECHNIQUE PROTOCOLES
1 SAGITTAL UNILATERAL
3 D EG ou
3 D FSE T1
petit FOV , bonne RS ( 3 mm )
2 Rendez-vous , un par sein
2 AXIAL BILATERAL ou
CORONAL BILATERAL
Grand FOV , faible RS
3 SAGITTAL ALTERNEE ( récent )
Dt & G alternés , 1 seul Rendez-vous
petit FOV , bonne RS
VIBRANT GE
ASSET 20 x 20 , 3 mm
100 coupes en 70 ''
7 phases dans la même série ( dynamique )
900 images
3 FONCTIONS irm
1 détecter
2 caractériser
3 localiser
1 DETECTER le contraste naturel = Insuffisant
Soustraction ( Masque )
Série 1 / Série 2 Immobilité !
Opérateur-dépendant !
CODAGE COULEUR du Rehaussement =
Logiciel FUNCTOOL CONFIRMA
2 CARACTERISER
2.1 MORPHOLOGIE Bi-RADS
PC linéaires
FOCI < 5 mm
MASSES forme/ contours/ septa
rehaussement = type ?
NON-MASSES
2.2 CINETIQUE
Codage Couleur
Courbes : cinétique 3 types , aucune n' a 100 % de
spécificité .
ROI ( taille )
artéfact : mouvement cible -- anarchie
échelle Abscisse / Ordonnée
a ) courbe PROGRESSIF 8 % Kc
b) courbe PLATEAU 12 %
c) WASH-OUT 5 % sont non-cancéreux
3 LOCALISER
Non rapprochable des images mammo
mammo = compression
IRM = procubitus # mammo
MPR 3 plans
MPR dans axe du Mamelon +++
MIP vue d'ensemble ou
VRT "" "" ""
une image IRM peut être recherchée ensuite par ECHO .
IRM Interventionnelle
anomalie non trouvée par mammo ou écho
- repère cutané
- harpon non magnétique
- ponction _ dans le champ
_ hors champ
- limites - compression inefficace
- antenne non adaptée
antenne ouverte , accès seulement latéral externe
plaque perforée à trous
PERSPECTIVES
- dépistage de masse
- CAD
- Spectro-IRM
- DWI Diffusion ( mucineux )
- Ganglion PC spécifique
- IRM dédiée ( ouverte )
CAT devant une LESION :
1 Rehaussement Labile ?
- arrêt du THS
- début de cycle
2 image suspecte
3 FOCUS < 5 mm
écho guidée post-IRM
- Dt & G alternés , 1 seul Rendez-vous
petit FOV , bonne RS
VIBRANT GE
ASSET 20 x 20 , 3 mm
100 coupes en 70 ''
7 phases dans la même série ( dynamique )
900 images
Gustave COURBET
http://irmresoance.over-blog.com
RUPTURED BREAST IMPLANT
Case Presentation Pg 1 of 4 (GoTo: Next(2) || Pg 3 || Pg 4)
| History: Thirty-five-year old with bilateral breast implants and pain in breast. |
| CC and MLO views are provided below. Right breast is shown first for each pair of images. Click to enlarge. |
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Which choices correspond with the findings? Please respond with TRUE or FALSE. |
| T or F |
Ruptured implant on right. |
| T or F |
Ruptured implant on left. |
| T or F |
Case Presentation Pg 1 of 4 (GoTo: Next(2) || Pg 3 || Pg 4)
| Shown below is an ultrasound image of the abnormality. Which choice is the most likely diagnosis? |
| A |
Malignancy. |
| B |
Fibroadenoma. |
| C |
Cyst. |
| D |
Fat necrosis. |
| E |
Hamartoma. |
| Shown below is an ultrasound image of the abnormality. Which choice is the most likely diagnosis? |
| A |
Malignancy. |
| B |
Fibroadenoma. |
| C |
Cyst. |
| D |
Fat necrosis. |
| E |
Hamartoma. |
| |
Which choices correspond with the findings? Please respond with TRUE or FALSE. |
| T or F |
Ruptured implant on right. |
| T or F |
Ruptured implant on left. |
| T or F |
Mass in right breast. |
| T or F |
Mass in left breast. |
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| T or F |
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SONOGRAPHY of the BREAST
http://www.obgyn.net/displayarticle.asp?page=/bh/articles/newbreasthandoutII
Sonography of the Breast
by Cynthia L. Rapp BS, RDMS Radiology Imaging Associates - Swedish Medical Center Englewood, Colorado Reprinted with author's permission.
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September 14-17, 2000, Dallas Texas, p. 57-67
One in nine women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime, provided she lives to age 85. Most breast cancer is NOT genetically linked – less than 16%. In the study by Stavros et al., July 1995, – over 80% of all sonographic, biopsy proven, solid nodules were benign.
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Indications Breast ultrasound is a diagnostic rather than a screening procedure; it is targeted to a specific clinical or focal mammographic finding in the vast majority of patients. Breast ultrasound should be performed on palpable lumps when the mammogram in the area of the lump is negative or nonspecific. Although, there are now a few studies on whole breast screening ultrasound.
Breast ultrasound is a diagnostic rather than a screening procedure; it is targeted to a specific clinical or focal mammographic finding in the vast majority of patients. Breast ultrasound should be performed on palpable lumps when the mammogram in the area of the lump is negative or nonspecific. Although, there are now a few studies on whole breast screening ultrasound.
Equipment Breast ultrasound must have excellent spatial and contrast resolution. Both the axial and lateral components of spatial resolution must be good. Broadband, high frequency linear electronically focused probes currently offer the best combination of spatial and contrast resolution for breast ultrasound.
Breast ultrasound must have excellent spatial and contrast resolution. Both the axial and lateral components of spatial resolution must be good. Broadband, high frequency linear electronically focused probes currently offer the best combination of spatial and contrast resolution for breast ultrasound.
Axial Resolution Excellent axial resolution is important in identifying normal structures which course parallel to the skin (such as mammary ducts and the fascial planes surrounding the mammary zone) and in identifying the characteristics of the capsules around cysts and solid nodules.
Excellent axial resolution is important in identifying normal structures which course parallel to the skin (such as mammary ducts and the fascial planes surrounding the mammary zone) and in identifying the characteristics of the capsules around cysts and solid nodules.
Lateral Resolution Lateral resolution at all depths within the breast is important in order to minimize volume averaging of surrounding normal breast tissues with pathological lesions. Such volume averaging may cause mischaracterization of small cystic lesions as solid and may even cause small solid lesions to be indistinguishable from surrounding tissues. Lateral spatial resolution is also a complex subject. For linear probes there are two planes which determine lateral resolution; the long axis and short axis (elevation plane focus).
Lateral resolution at all depths within the breast is important in order to minimize volume averaging of surrounding normal breast tissues with pathological lesions. Such volume averaging may cause mischaracterization of small cystic lesions as solid and may even cause small solid lesions to be indistinguishable from surrounding tissues. Lateral spatial resolution is also a complex subject. For linear probes there are two planes which determine lateral resolution; the long axis and short axis (elevation plane focus).
The long axis of the linear probe can be electronically focused. Continuous electronic focusing may be done on receive or transmit phases. The degree of electronic focusing upon receive depends upon many factors, including:
- number of channels
- aperture size
- number of elements
- number of scan lines
- apodization
In general lateral resolution improves with increasing; the number of channels, aperture size, number of elements in the transducer and scan lines. Electronic focusing on transmit depends on many of the same factors as receive focusing, but is more limited. It depends upon the number of transmit zones. In general, the more transmit zones, the better the lateral resolution. However, increasing the number of transmit zones, decreases the frame rate. In general, multiple transmit focal zones in the first 2cm are very beneficial in breast sonography.
Elevation Plane
The elevation plane (short axis) of the probe cannot currently be electronically focused. The elevation plane is focused at a fixed depth by an acoustic lens. The manufacturer decides how deeply to focus this plane before the probe is built. Elevation plane, focal lengths are usually decided by the application for which the probe will primarily be used. Dedicated small parts or near field probes should be focused at about 1.5cm or even more superficially.
The elevation plane (short axis) of the probe cannot currently be electronically focused. The elevation plane is focused at a fixed depth by an acoustic lens. The manufacturer decides how deeply to focus this plane before the probe is built. Elevation plane, focal lengths are usually decided by the application for which the probe will primarily be used. Dedicated small parts or near field probes should be focused at about 1.5cm or even more superficially.
5MHz linear array probes were designed with peripheral vascular applications in mind and are focused in the elevation plane of about 3 to 4cm. This is too deep for most breast imaging, the elevation plane would be focused in the pectoralis muscle in most patients. In general a 7.5 to 13MHz transducer, with an elevation plane of about 1.5cm, is the best breast ultrasound transducer currently available.
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| Above figure: If a 5MHz transducer is used and the lesion of interest is small and superficial, volume averaging of adjacent normal tissues will be a problem. Cysts may fill-in and be misclassified as solid. Small solid lesions may be completely missed. |
If a palpable nodule is pea or bee-bee sized, then it is very small and near the skin. In such cases, even optimally focused transducers may have difficulty resolving and characterizing the lesion. In such circumstances, the sonographer should use a 1cm standoff pad or a large "glop" of gel in order to move the elevation plane focus closer to the skin. Remember if too thick of a standoff pad (3cm pad) is used, then the elevation plane will be centered in the pad and not in breast tissue.
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Annotation Labeling your films can be very time consuming. Most ultrasound departments utilize the clock method. In our lab we also use the ABC and 123 to label the exact location of a lesion. This is particularly helpful if you need to follow-up a lesion of is the patient is sent to another facility for a biopsy.
First a clock position is stated. Secondly, the location of the lesion is noted. There are five possible choices for the 123, location. 1 through 3 is divided into 3 concentric rings. If a lesion is near the nipple, this location is 1, mid way out in the breast is 2 and in the periphery is 3. If a lesion is under the nipple we label this area SA for subareolar and lesions in the axilla are labeled AX.
For the ABC; A, is if a lesion is near the surface or close to the transducer. B is mid way down (and represents the mammary zone) in the breast and C is against the chest wall.
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| Diagram of a right breast lesion about 4 cm directly superior to the nipple and 3 cm deep which was scanned in a radial plane would typically be described as "Rt 12 2C RAD". The left breast lesion in the upper outer quadrant about 6 cm from the nipple and near the chest wall which was scanned in an anti-radial plane would be labeled "Lt 1:30 3C AR". This cryptic method of annotating ultrasound images is very advantageous. It saves keystrokes and shortens the examination time. |
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Positioning The patient is positioned in a supine position with the ipsilateral hand raised above the head. The patient is rolled into a contra-lateral posterior oblique position to a degree, which minimizes breast thickness in the quadrant being scanned. Lesions in the medial quadrants may be scanned in a straight supine position. Lesions in the lateral quadrants require the greatest degree of obliquity. Generally, greater degrees of obliquity are required for larger breasts.
This positioning accomplishes two things:
- First, the breast is thinned to the greatest extent possible, so that the high frequency, near-field probes used, has adequately penetrate to the chest wall and the focusing characteristics of the probe are optimized.
- Secondly, the tissue planes of the breast, which are conical in the upright and prone positions, are pulled into a plane, which is parallel to the skin line. This minimizes critical angle shadowing and improves penetration and prevents degradation of focusing characteristics.
Scan Plane – Radial and Anti-radial All solid lesions should be scanned in the plane of the ductal system (radial and anti-radial) in order to demonstrate subtle projections that course towards the nipple or branch outward in the breast.
If a nodule is scanned only in the conventional method of longitudinal and transverse, these subtle findings may be missed, and the lesion may appear spheroid or ellipsoid, and be misclassified as probably benign.

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System Optimization Ensure that your system is optimized for breast imaging before starting your scan. If the gain is not set correctly, solid lesions can look cystic or a cyst look solid. Before starting to scan the area of interest, find an area in the breast with fatty tissue. Most patients have some fat, usually in the inner aspect of the breast. Set your gain so the fat is medium gray.
Compare all lesions in the breast to fat. If the gain is set correctly and fat is medium gray, glandular tissue and most benign lesions, such as fibroadenomas, appear isoechoic to mildly hypoechoic compared to fat. Malignant lesions can be mildly hypoechoic to markedly hypoechoic and cysts are markedly hypoechoic to anechoic compared to fat. The structures that are hyperechoic compared to fat are skin, fibrous tissue and calcifications.
Mammographic vs. Sonographic Correlation When the main indication for breast ultrasound is a palpable lump, it is imperative that the lump b
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